GraphQL subscriptions enable real-time data updates by maintaining persistent WebSocket connections between clients and servers for push-based event notifications. As the creator of CoreUI, a widely used open-source UI library, I’ve implemented real-time features in collaborative dashboards. The most effective approach is using graphql-ws library with PubSub pattern for managing subscriptions and broadcasting events to connected clients. This method provides standards-compliant WebSocket protocol, automatic connection management, and scalable event distribution for real-time applications.